Penulis: Supriyani
Editor: Dwi NR
Beberapa jenis vaksin yang sudah melalui tahap uji klinis, membuat Indonesia ingin segera mendistribusikannya kepada masyarakat. Vaksin-vaksin ini akan masuk dan tersedia di Indonesia, mulai November 2020.
SAAT ini, sedang dipersiapkan proses simulasi uji coba vaksinasi Covid-19 di Puskesmas Tanah Sareal, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat. Simulasi tetap menerapkan protokol kesehatan.
Ada 3 jenis vaksin yang bakal tersedia di Indonesia, yaitu CanSino dan Sinovac dari Tiongkok, serta Sinopharm/G42 yang merupakan hasil kolaborasi Tiongkok-Uni Emirat Arab (UEA). Vaksin-vaksin ini akan masuk dan tersedia di Indonesia, mulai November 2020.
Berikut 3 jenis vaksin Covid-19 yang akan masuk Indonesia:
Sinovac
Vaksin CoronaVac buatan Sinovac Biotech Ltd ini berjenis inactivated. Inactivated vaccine adalah metode dalam menciptakan vaksin yang menggunakan versi lemah atau inaktivasi dari virus untuk memancing respons imun.
Vaksin jenis ini memerlukan beberapa dosis dan periode waktu, atau bertahap untuk memperoleh imunitas berkelanjutan terhadap penyakit. Vaksin inactivated telah digunakan untuk beberapa penyakit, yaitu hepatitis A, flu, polio, dan rabies.
Vaksin inactivated ini adalah metode lama dan klasik. Pendekatannya memfungsikan seluruh virus yang tidak aktif untuk mendorong tubuh mengembangkan kekebalan. Sinovac memiliki strategi yang berbeda dengan berbagai pengembangan vaksin Covid-19 lainnya, yaitu yang melibatkan penggunaan DNA atau RNA.
Teknologi yang lebih baru ini memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama untuk diproduksi, karena virus hidup harus dibudidayakan dan kemudian dinonaktifkan. Virus ini tumbuh dalam kondisi yang dipantau dan kemudian dimatikan secara kimiawi, sehingga tidak dapat berkembang biak sampai menyebabkan penyakit saat disuntikkan ke dalam tubuh.
Bekerjasama dengan Sinovac, Biofarma turut memproduksi secara massal vaksin bernama CoronaVac ini. Uji klinis fase III sedang dilakukan di Indonesia, bekerja sama dengan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran.
Sinopharm
Sama dengan Sinovac, Sinopharm juga vaksin inactivated. Vaksin ini ditemukan dan diteliti oleh perusahaan China National Biotech Group (CNBG) Sinopharm. Tahap uji klinis fase III diuji coba di UEA, Maroko, Peru, dan Argentina. Uji klinis ini diujicobakan kepada lima ribu orang.
Sinopharm memilih UEA untuk uji klinis fase III, karena di negara tersebut terdiri atas 85 kebangsaan, yang diharapkan bisa mewakili berbagai etnis bangsa di dunia.
Menteri Luar Negeri Retno Marsudi mengatakan, vaksin ini akan tersedia sebanyak 10 juta dosis di Indonesia pada 2020. Ketersediaan vaksin ini melalui kesepakatan dengan G42, sebuah perusahaan teknologi kesehatan yang berlokasi di Abu Dhabi, UEA.
Pemerintah Cina pada Juli lalu juga telah memberikan vaksin Sinopharm dalam tahap eksperimen kepada para petugas kesehatan dan inspektur perbatasan.
CanSino
Vaksin terakhir yang kemungkinan bisa masuk di Indonesia adalah buatan CanSinoBIO, perusahaan pertama dari Cina yang menerima paten teknologi pembuatan vaksin Covid-19.
CanSino merupakan jenis viral vector yang sudah dilemahkan dengan nama AD5. Vaksin ini mengfungsikan virus untuk mengirimkan gen virus Covid-19 ke dalam sel.
Sama seperti Sinopharm, CanSino telah melalui uji klinis fase III pada Agustus 2020.
CanSino saat ini sedang bekerjasama dengan negara lain untuk uji coba lebih lanjut, termasuk di Indonesia. Vaksin CanSino juga telah diizinkan untuk penggunaan vaksin eksperimental seperti Sinopharm.
Pada Juni lalu, Pemerintah Cina menyetujui uji coba calon vaksin yang berbeda untuk tentara. Vaksin ini diteliti oleh Institut Bioteknologi Beijing, yang merupakan bagian dari Akademi Ilmu Kedokteran Militer Pemerintah Cina.
Itulah ketiga vaksin yang akan masuk ke Indonesia. Dari informasi ini, bisa kita ketahui bahwa ada keunggulan dan metode yang berbeda dari tiap vaksin.
Untuk informasi seputar kesehatan dan perkembangan penanganan pandemi Corona yang ada di Indonesia, kita bisa simak dengan lengkap di aplikasi Halodoc. Tidak hanya itu, melalui aplikasi Halodoc, kita juga bisa berkonsultasi langsung dengan dokter untuk menjawab keluhan kesehatan kita.***
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